Aquafarming and Pacific White Shrimp

IntroductionGrameneralAquaculture is the agriculture and active farming or production of aquatic beings such as fish, mollusk, crustaceans and aquatic workss in controlled environments. It is besides known as aquafarming. Nowadays, this animal-based food-producing sector has increased in footings of its importance due to the addition of planetary human population demand. The rush of aquaculture is besides due to it supply a batch of extra employment for the increased figure of under-employed fishermen or husbandmans every bit good as the rural inhabitants, increased fuel’s monetary value which lead to the rise of angling operations cost, and the inclined figure of demand for crustaceans like runts and shrimps ( FAO, 1987 ) . Asia as a whole accounted about 90 per centum of planetary aquaculture production with China being the chief manufacturers ( FAO, 2013 ) . Aquaculture accounts 47 per centum of all fish supplies destined for non merely direct human nutrient ingestion, but besides processed into fishmeal and oil as animate being provender ; carnivorous aquatic species such as runt, trout and salmon, and for other animate beings such as hogs, poulets and family pets ( FAO, 2013 ) . Direct human ingestion used about 86 % of entire piscary production, while the staying 14 % was used in fabrication of fishmeal and fish oil ( FAO, 2010 ) . Aquaculture system can be differentiated by its degree of direction ; extended, semi-intensive and intensive. Extensive civilization system fundamentally depends to the full on nutrients which occur of course in the system such as planktons and did non have any knowing nutritionary inputs. This type of system allows the stock to turn by itself as less attempt is apply into the civilization system. It besides depends on H2O flow to convey the nutrients, so normally it is done in the ocean, lakes and river. Other than that, extended system besides has a few negative effects as it depend on the surrounding conditions for the mortality and survival rate of the stocks. While for intensive civilization system, it requires the aquaculturists to hold high understanding about the stocks as they have higher control over the civilization system than extended system. Their provenders are besides need to be well-prepared with balanced nutrition and so pelleted to advance higher endurance rate. Al though it requires higher cost and works, it produces highest output than both extended and semi-intensive civilization system which still requires unreal nutrient to be accompanied with natural nutrient supply. Other than freshwater fishes, species that besides produced in aquaculture included mollusk ( 23.6 per centum ) , crustaceans ( 9.6 per centum ) , and other aquatic animate beings. While the production of crustaceans itself consists of fresh water and Marine species. Examples of commercial runt species arePenaeus Monodon, Litopenaeus vannamei, Penaeus stylirostris,Phosphorusenaeusindicus, PenaeusmerguiensisandPhosphorusenaueschinensis.Liter.vannameior besides called as Whiteleg shrimp rise as the most preferable species of Marine and fresh water for civilization crushing the tiger shrimp,P. Monodonas it lost its influence in this last decennary due to outbreak of diseases ( FAO, 2012 ) . As white topographic point disease ( WSD ) start to outbreak, it caused high desolation in economic as the mortality rate increased dramatically and caused a large loss to the shrimp civilization ( Gunalan B. , et al. , 2011 ) . After uninterrupted hunt for the options for shrimp civilization, at 200 1,L. vannameiis introduced in Asia. The species commercial civilization began in South and Central America and subsequently the aquafarming ofL. vannameigo the most of import in Mexico. Although the commercial civilization ofL. vannameipunctuated with its slope and diminution tendencies after the ‘la Nina’ calamity, the production of the species has grown to over 270 000 metric tons by 2004 ( FAO, 2014 ) . There are a few grounds as to whyL. vannameiis more favorable thanP. Monodon. One of it is it merely require low protein in its diet ( 30 per centum ) thanP. Monodon( 45 per centum ) which is more carnivorous, so the provender cost is a batch lower than the 1 withP. Monodon( FAO, 2014 ) . Other than that, it besides has higher survival rate and is a batch easier to civilization ( SEAFDEC, 2005 ) . L. vannamei aslo can be cultured in low salt H2O as it can turn efficaciously and able to last at utmost salts status ( LukeA. & A ; D. AllenDavis, 2010 ) . However, many Asiatic states so unwilling to go on to bring forth these shrimp species as they fear on the possibility of the eruption of new alien disease that can be transmitted to native penaeid runts at their states. So, the civilization merely been applied in Malaysia, Cambodia, India, Philippines and Myanmar. Of all types of broodstock, merely Specific Pathogen Free ( SPF ) / Specific Pathogen Resistant ( SPR ) broodstock is allow ed to be imported in Thailand and Indonesia ( FAO, 2014 ) . Shrimp agriculture in Malaysia has started since 1930s, which so led to larger scale civilization production. Its life rhythm includes larval phase and full-blown phase, in which require both natural provenders and unrecorded nutrients. Due to authorities support, farmer’s active engagement, intensive preparation to husbandmans, increased engineering and steady market’s monetary value, the runt agriculture industry has rises systematically ( SEAFDEC, 2005 ) . Although its being patterns widely all over the universe, runt agriculture has a few impacts that needed to be taken attention of. These include its impact to environmental and its sustainability. The impacts can be categorised in direct or indirect impacts. Mangrove ecosystems being cleared out to do infinite for shrimps’ civilization pool doing more than 50 per centum of it to decrease, and the nutrient webs besides will alterations due to the runt agriculture. Habitat loss besides is included in indirect consequence of runt farming to environment. Land required for it besides will subsequently go increased in monetary value particularly in Peninsular Malaysia. While for direct impacts, it include new species and familial stuff to be introduce. As the runt farming industry will let go of their waste and toxic substances to environment, it will do pollution and eutrophication. Disease eruption, for illustrations White topographic point ( WSSV ) , Taura Syndrome and Vibriosis, besides will severely impact the environment as it will impact other wild penaeid runt populations ( RonnbackPatrik, 2001 ; SEAFDEC, 2005 ) . However, these will non do the industry to diminish because new runt farms will be developed at much higher rate than before ( RonnbackPatrik, 2001 ) . Overfeeding besides has chance to go on and this will take to protein beginnings being uneconomical. Feed is an of import facet in success of shrimp aquaculture. During the disease eruption, antibiotics are used hyperbolically since it can battle infective beings. This lead to it being banned by European Union ( EU ) in 2006 as they found out that antibiotic can give harmful consequence to the host species, human as consumer and the environment itself. To avoid any losingss, they decided to happen the options for antibiotics. Of all the options, organic acids seems to be most appropriate for the function as surveies has shown that organic acids and its salts can advance both growing and feed use and besides increase the species opposition towards diseases ( W. K.Ng & A ; C. B.Koh, 2011 ) . Still, there is non adequate survey has been done or published sing the usage of organic acids as aquafeeds for shrimp aquaculture ( Koh C.B. , et al. , 2013 ) . Therefore this survey is been conducted to understand the consequence of organics acids on the growing and wellness public presentation of L. vannamei, in footings of it weight and disease opposition.AimAim of this experiment include:To find the consequence of dietetic organic acids in commercial runt provenders on the growing public presentation and wellness of the Pacific white runt,Litopenaeus vannameistation larvae.To analyze the consequence of dietetic organic acids on provender use efficiency.To measure the entire feasible bacterial and presumptiveVibriocounts in the hepatopancreas and intestine andhepatopancreas histopathology.Resistance toVoltibrioparahemolyticuschallenge.LITERATURE REVIEW2.1Litopenaeus vannamei Shrimp are marine crustaceans that can establish on the river beds and ocean floors around the universe, filtrating sand and atoms in the H2O. As forL. vannamei, or its common name Whiteleg runt are under the order Decapoda. As the name Decapoda implies, all decapods have ten legs ; five braces of legs on the chief portion of the organic structure, plus five braces of pleopods on the venters or tail. Differ from other Decapoda, this species tend to be larger than the Caridean runt species and are commercially of import. Liter.vannameiis first described by Lee Boone in 1931. At that clip, this new species was rescued for scientific discipline from the native fish market in Panama City, March 25, 1926( Boone, 1931) .Liter.vannameiare native to the eastern Pacific Ocean, from the Mexican province of Sonora as far south as northern Peru. It is restricted to countries where the H2O temperature remains above 20 Â °C ( 68 Â °F ) throughout the twelvemonth. Adults unrecorded and spawn in the unfastened ocean, while station larvae migrate inshore to pass their juvenile, stripling and sub-adult phases in coastal estuaries, lagunas or mangrove countries. This species is besides dominant at Guatemala and El Salvador( FAO, 1980 ) . Liter.vannameihas dais which reasonably long with 7-10 dorsal and 2-4 ventral length. Its coloring material is usually semitransparent white, but this can alter depending on its provender, substrate and H2O turbidness (FAO, 2006) . Its maximal entire length can make until 230 millimeters. While it’s shell length can make until 90 millimeters maximal.L. vannameican be wrongly thought asPenaeus stylirostris, but it really has distinguishable characteristic that differentiate them fromP. stylirostris.Liter. vannameiis by and large less compressed laterally thanP. stylirostris. Its average Carina of the shell besides does non widen rather to the posterior border. Its first three abdominal sections are sturdier and have more developed epimera thanP. stylirostris(Boone, 1931) . InLiter. vannameimature males, its petasma is symmetrical and semi-open. Its spermatophores which are dwelling of sperm mass are complex. Males become mature from 20 g. While for the mature female, they have unfastened thelycum. Females become mature from 28 g onwards at the age of 6–7 months. FemalesLiter. vannameinormally grow faster and larger than the males (FAO, 2006) . Its life rhythm consists of an pelagic planktonic larval phase with its first phase larvae being termed nauplii. Nauplii live on their yolk militias, so it does non feed. The following larval phase which is protozoea, Mysis and early postlarvae remain planktonic for some clip. They feed on phytoplankton and zooplankton. Next are an estuarial station larva-to-juvenile phase, and a return to the marine environment as an grownup to get down feeding on benthal debris, worms, pelecypods and other crustaceans, mature and spawn (Valles-Jimenez, et al. , 2005 ; FAO, 2006) . L. vannameiis used as introduced species in aquaculture. It has the ability to accommodate to alterations in salt, pH and dissolved O degrees (Rosenberry, 1999) . The production of the species in their native part is shown to be lower than that in the part where they were introduced. For illustration, their production in Asia and the Pacific part was 1.1 million metric tons compared with in Latin America and the Caribbean which merely 266 000 metric tons. This can be happened as the switching from the usage ofP. MonodontoLiter. vannameihappened in China and many of the states in Asia (FAO, 2006) . The shifting may be because of the provender costs forLiter. vannameiis by and large less thanP. Monodonas L. vannamei merely necessitate 18-35 % of protein compared to 36-42 % for P. Monodon (FAO, 2006) . Other than that,Liter. vannameiare easier to reproduce and has unvarying growing rate thanP. Monodonwhich lead to its success in selling. AsL. vannameiable to bring forth specific pathogen free ( SPF ) , it can easy come in in Asiatic market. But the production will lowered if they suffer from diseases like White Spot Syndrome Virus ( WSSV ) in which the septic runt shows reduced nutrient ingestion and Taura Syndrome which makes the juvenile shrimp become weak, has soft shell, empty intestine and its ruddy chromatophores in extremities to spread expand. There besides other diseases such as Infectious Hypodermal and Haematopoietic mortification ( IHHNV ) which cause Runt Deformity Syndrome ( RDS ) , Baculoviral Midgut Gland Necrosis ( BMN ) , and Vibriosis ( FAO, 2006 ) . These diseases can be reduced by holding good direction of the H2O system, provenders, armored combat vehicles and the runt itself. 2.2Use of organic acids in provenders As the aquaculture production become intense, jobs sing diseases besides increase. This finally led to over-use of antibiotics to forestall these diseases which so harmed the environment, human population and the carnal itself. Since 1986, the utilizations of antibiotic growing boosters ( AGP ) are easy being banned around the universe as in Sweden entire prohibition were done. Later in 1997, Europian Union ( EU ) has banned the usage of avoparcin. While in 1999, bacitracin, spiramycin, tylosin and virginiamycin are banned in EU. This finally led to a entire prohibition of the usage of all antibiotics in EU at 2006 (Robert, 2011) . After the forbiddance of antibiotics at 2006, organic acids are used as alternate to these AGP. Formic, lactic, benzoic and propionic acids are illustrations of organic acids. It is already been used as storage preservatives for nutrient and provender ingredients for a long clip (Ng, et al. , 2011) . The first proficient study sing the usage of these acidifiers appears even since 1960’s where it is used in hog eating to see the consequence in their growing and public presentation. In this hog feeding experiment entirely ; more than 500 surveies have been published on the usage of acidifiers (Bernd, 2011) . These organic acids which have low pKa values are effectual at low environment pH and as microbic in acidic tummy part. It has been good documented that these organic acids can beneficially better provender consumption, growing and feed use efficiency when Federal at moderate degrees (Alp, et al. , 1999 ; Kluge, et al. , 2006 ; Robert, 2011) . Study besides has been done to demo that although there is deficiency of impact on growing rate or provender use shown, the provender transition ratio ( FCR ) , and in-between bowel to organic structure weight ratio is increased significantly due to the presence of acerb salt blend (Ng, et al. , 2011) .

Hurricane Igor

When going to cnn. com I found that right away it had the link that I could click on to see all of the information about how Bermuda is bracing for hurricane Igor. Also, there are links that you can click on to view videos and live feed to see how bad it actually is. This site tells you everything you need to know such as sustained winds, the wind gust, and the latitude and longitude of the hurricane. The one thing I found interesting is it gives you a picture of the projected path that it is going. It also tells you what category, or size, the hurricane is. As of right now CNN is saying that hurricane Igor is going to affect the United States east coast over the weekend. CNN also gives you a link that you can recommend this website to people on your Facebook. This is a good thing on their part because with the Facebook link people can like it and see this article on your Facebook. They can see that you went to this site and they might look at it and like it too. This means more publicity for CNN and more people will view the top stories on there. CNN has a big article on how sever and damaging hurricane Igor is. CNN also tells you about any other hurricanes or tropical storms that were or are going to be dangerous to the east coast or Bermuda and what their projected paths are. When I went onto MSNBC. com I found the article right away, with big bold letters that say â€Å"Bermuda braces for ‘long and punishing’ Igor. † This right away attracted me to click on that headline so I can get more information on the weather and Igor. After clicking on the link there is a big picture of someone boarding their house up to keep it safe. Down at the bottom of the website it gives you three options that you can tell people about this story. You can email this story to a friend, you can share it on Facebook or you can share it on twitter. These are three main ways that people can spread this story to others so that they are aware of how sever the hurricane is. MSNBC. com also gives you a huge, well detailed article written by Elizabeth Roberts. She stated how sever the weather was in the beginning of the week. It was a category four in the beginning of the week and it has now gone down to a category two hurricane. The reporter talks about the sustained winds and the location of hurricane Igor. She tells you where it is headed and where it is going to impact. They also have this interactive tracker that shows you three different hurricanes and you can click on each one to find out how sever each one is and where it is headed. This gets updated every couple of minutes. You can also put in your address and it will give you the 5 day forecast. You can also click on a link that will give you archives of previous storms. FOXnews. com was one if the difficult websites for me. I went to their site and I didn’t see anything on hurricane Igor that caught my attention. I had to really look for this story, and I found it as I scrolled down and there is a little box that has the latest news, most read, and videos. The Bermuda story was far down the list and you had to click on the link to go to the story. When going into this article, there are no pictures of hurricane Igor, it is all words. This site gives you an article by Rick Leventhal, in which he writes about hurricane Igor. In this article he states that hurricane Igor is a category two hurricane and how it makes landfall with sustained winds near 110 miles per hour, gusting to 130. Fox news also tells you that the last major storm was back in 2003. So that is a paragraph that was interesting because it showed how they haven’t had one since then. It gives you how a hotel business has gone down by 50% since hurricane season started; this isn’t good for Bermudas economy. You cannot share this with anyone on face book or twitter but there is a place that you can leave comments and you can get follow up via email if anyone comments on this story. There is a link that you can click on that will take you to the author’s biography. It also gives you a list of all the articles he has written and there are someone other hurricanes on there. There are many similar things that all of these websites have such as telling everyone where the hurricane is located. It also describes in detail the wind gust and when it is suspected to hit the targeted area. Now when it comes to the difference there is a bunch of them. CNN from the beginning of the home page gives you a picture to look at, but also gives you a link to click on so you can view more. When you are looking on CNN you can see how they use bold writing when it comes to the sustained wind and wind gust, also the latitude and longitude. MSNBC on the other hand uses the hurricane interactive tracker to tell you all of that. I found that this is very detailed and very helpful. It is a different kind of tool that you can use to really see where hurricanes are going and who will be affected by them. MSNBC and CNN give you the option to send the information to someone by emailing, facebooking, or placing it on twitter. This helps them get more viewers and makes their rating go up for how many people view the website. Fox news on the other hand is not at all appealing for the weather. You have to really look for the article and when you find it, all it gives you is the article. The difference here is that there is not enough information for me about the hurricane, Igor.

Viewpoints of the Great Carajas Project

The main two types of people involved in the Great Carajas Project are the CVRD ( A company which owned mines) and the Garimperos. Garimperos are the illegal miners or free lance miners. They mine for gold and are forbidden to mine in the Carajas area. The Garimperos come from all over Brazil and usually mine for Gold. They are annoyed with the government because they feel that they have the right to mine in the area as well. If a Garimpero is caught mining where they shouldn't be, security guards will hunt them down and confiscate their gold. In Serra Pelada 80,000 Garimperos invaded a Gold mine and took it over. They were extracting around $200 million annually but although they were making good money, they are damaging the environment and working in a very unsafe manor. They are using mercury to separate the gold and this mercury was then getting into rivers and contaminating/poisoning them and various food chains. They also burn the mercury which gave off toxic gas and the safety in the mining pits was appalling; there were regular rock falls and some miners are killed. In January 1986, Riot police were ordered into the mines to force the Garimperos out. A miner was killed by accident when a policeman intended to shoot a bullet in the air but shot too soon and killed the miner. Soon after, the mine was shut down but the company re-opened it and increased safety levels by using bulldozers. The CVRD were confident that they would make lots of money and they were very strict about the area; check posts were set up to ensure that only people involved with the mines/CVRD were allowed to enter and all cars were searched, only allowing people to enter who had a permit. The government were in control of the project and showed interest because of the investment being made. The project had an annual income of $700 million. The company are licensed to run the project, unlike the Garimperos. The companies are looked upon as being sufficient but inhumane and the Garimperos are seen as trying to fend for themselves but obliviously harming the environment and putting their own lives in danger. Local tribes who live in the forest called Amerindians are moved out of their settlements so that the CVRD can expand the mining areas. The CVRD destroy their living area and when the Amerindians next settle they are still weary of having to move again. In My opinion I think that both Garimperos and the CVRD should be allowed to mine there. They should compromise as to who gets what land so that everyone is happy. I think that if this did happen the Government would have to do some serious thinking into safety regulations and the damaging of the environment.

Richard Gagnon at Granston Energy Inc Case Study

Richard Gagnon at Granston Energy Inc - Case Study Example There are mainly two things to be analyzed – First one, why was Gagnon reprimanded by the CEO? And the Second one, what would have been the alternative way out to the above discussed complex situation? Basically, if we consider the issues from each individual’s viewpoint then we can say that everyone is correct on their part. The Product Manager Mr. Meadows rejected the previous work done by the printing firm & also he, didn’t accept the higher price charged by the firm for the new assignment, therefore it can be said that it’s a right step taken as because it is always expected from an employee that he would try to lower his employer’s expenses. He stated that the job which needed to be re-done doesn’t need to incur so much of cost as the set-up to be used would remain the same. So it can be concluded that from the business & legal perspective, he is absolutely correct. But if we look at the human perspective then it can be said that Mr. Meadows is a completely business oriented person & he doesn’t know how to behave nicely nor does he consider someone else’s problem. On the other hand, Mr. Gerrard had to do the job again & that too within a short time. For this extra effort, his employees would be working overtime & he needs to pay them. Therefore he charged a higher price for the job & we can say that he had a strong logic for charging the higher price. Also, he didn’t wish to lose a big business like Granston & therefore he agreed upon to the terms of Gagnon. It’s clear that he got involved in some illegal activities for the sake of his business. Mr. Gagnon was acting as the middleman between his client & his supplier. Both were important for him. He can’t afford to lose any of them at any cost. Also, he is well known in the company for getting things done with high responsiveness & creativity.  

Implementation and Analysis of The Fiscal Cliff contained in the U.S Essay

Implementation and Analysis of The Fiscal Cliff contained in the U.S. Budget Control Act of 2011 - Essay Example Bush had enacted a string of tax cuts during the period of his administration in the United States. The question that is of concern at present is that which of these tax cuts are to extended and or what period. The provisions of the tax cuts reinforced in the years of 2001 and 2003 had been extended until the end of the year 2012 (Levit, 2011, p. 12). These tax cuts considerably reduced the rates of personal income taxes and eliminated the estate tax. It also had created low rates of tax on dividends. Critics of this tax system, mostly the Democrats, held responsible such reduction in taxes for fuelling the federal budget deficit. It has been found that the increase in â€Å"the top two marginal tax rates† (Huang & Marr, 2012) would not adversely affect many small businesses. If the Bush tax cuts are allowed to be extended then it would keep many affluent individuals’ income out of the taxable income zone. For the small businesses to thrive, they require the boost of hi gher sales. It is not likely that small businesses would expand following a tax cut, thereby creating more employment opportunity by hiring more workers, if they do not find a good market for selling their products. Tax cuts on high income brackets are not effective enough to boost economic growth in the long run. Therefore the argument is strong for the expiry of the Bush Tax cuts. From the extension of these tax cuts, it is estimated that almost $1trillion would get added to the deficits over the ten years from 2013 to 2022. Spending Component of the Act – Across-the-Board spending cuts in the Federal government budget â€Å"The Budget Control Act (BCA) of 2011† (Saturno & Heniff, 2009, p. 17-5) presents the methods in which the across-the-board cuts in spending would be implemented. The across the board cuts on spending would be triggered if the Joint Committee fails to reach the agreement on deficit reduction. The report has two parts. The first part of the report outlines the method to be followed for the FY2013 and the second part caters to the process to be followed in the period of eight years between FY2014 to FY2021. The procedure planned for the span of the next eight years is quite different from that of the year fiscal 2013. The deficit reduction proposal released by President Obama in April 2011 includes the two components; â€Å"spending cuts and tax reform† (Levit, n.d., p. 4). This proposal includes a â€Å"Debt Failsafe† technique. This incorporates a debt-to-GDP ratio which is to be stabilized by the FY2014 and decline after that year. However, if it is not accomplished, â€Å"across the board spending cuts† (Levit, n.d., p. 4) would automatically be triggered and tax expenditures would also be reduced simultaneously. There would be an approximate cut of nine percent annually in non-defense programs as well as another nine percent in defense programs (Kogan, 2011). For FY2013, the funding for each of the di scretionary programs would be reduced proportionally. In this year the president can allow the military personnel funding to be exempted from the sequestration. Depending on this the cuts in spending on other defense programs would increase. In the fiscal years from 2014 to 2021, in each year there would be â€Å"reductions in the statutory cap on total funding for non-defense discretionary programs† (Kogan, 2011). â€Å"Sequestration† – what does it mean? Sequestration is a process in which certain policy goals of the budget are met or enforced through

Russian Independence in and how it relates to Edmund Burke's Theory Term Paper

Russian Independence in and how it relates to Edmund Burke's Theory - Term Paper Example (Bova, 2003, pg 9) Overview of Russian history In the period between 1970s and early 1980s, Russia was a calm nation that maintained the status quo. The president at that time, Leonid Brezhnev, was widely regarded as an incompetent leader, who kept a cabinet full of old, tired individuals who were not highly charged nor inspired. Moreover, the military kept away from political matters and there were not even the slightest sense of unrest among the population. However, this state had a negative impact on Russia’s economy at the time and she started falling behind economically as compared to other nations such as the United States, Japan Europe and China (Hough 61). The turn of events that eventually led to the revolution after the 1989 elections have the symptoms like the ones held by Edward Burke in his theory of modern revolution. This paper, therefore seeks to argue the events that led to the Russian coup de tat and to provide evidence whether they conformed or disagreed to the theory proposed by Burke. An overview of Edmund Burke’s Theory of Modern Revolution Burke started to have thoughtful insights into political matters such as the French revolution as early as 1787-8. He accurately predicted that the revolution will be a total catastrophe. He attributed it mostly to philosophies that had created a rift between divine will the general human population. Burke had two insights concerning modern revolution in France. One, he believed that the French still had the aspects of the ancient constitution and he gave an example of the ancient constitution of England. He believed that after the constitutions reforms, there was great possibility of adopting a good constitutional progress that would be peaceful. He believed that there was no need for any inhuman acts that would bring down prominent leaders that ruled the land. He never believed or advocated for the revolution way of dealing with political matters. These revolution issues lead to Burke wa nting to get more insights into it. It leads many people to know Burke as the inciter of conservativeness during the century. He argued that revolution would be the last solution in resolving the catastrophes that entangled any government. He viewed revolutions as a past gone philosophy, which easily destroyed the morality of the society, and in fact it broke the social ties the society enjoyed. Revolution, according to Burke, is a process that undermined the essence of civilization. He looked at the revolution approach as the destructor of the normal orders and positional powers. Authority was undermined by revolution also. He viewed that those who did not respect the law, and those that used violence to enforce their ideas, were the main cause of revolution, which had the basis of destruction and harmful intentions. (Burke & Clark, 2001, pg 69) Burke’s theory did not analyze what revolution was all about, but focused on the originality of the revolution, the violence and th e religious implications it caused to the society, the sudden collapse of the government, and the results all these actions lead to. Burke therefore had an outstanding opinion that was greatly respected in the nineteenth century. His support for the older reign in France was the main pointer to how he greatly opposed revolution. He

Is it morally permissible for data companies to collect and sell Essay

Is it morally permissible for data companies to collect and sell information from peoples public social media profiles - Essay Example Is it morally permissible for data companies to collect and sell information from people’s public social media profiles? The roles, uses and other practices originating as the effects of social technology really determine the consequences of the system as far privacy of information is concerned. There is always significant importance placed upon the acquisition and utilization of the customer information. During the 1980’s customer revolution was the in thing in many organizations. The main aim for this was to capture and store the data of customers using an advanced system. Establishing an intimate relationship between the customer and the corporations was the main target of the entire system on capturing the customer information. From the utilitarianism philosophical point of view which states that one should act in a manner so as to maximize on the amount of happiness in the world. Since most of the people all over the world are not happy with the organizations divulging their information to the public, it is therefore wise for the company’s to respect the people’s wish. By doing this the greatest rule of greatest happiness for greatest number of people will be upheld. In as much as the selling of data information obtained from people’s social media could be profitable to the companies but at the expense of the people’s interest. This should instead be ridiculed and objected in the best way possible so as to ensure that both parties very happy without necessarily stepping on each other’s toes.

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business law - Essay Example For claiming the business deal undertaken by Sally to be a contract, there must be four significant aspects which are: Offer and Acceptance: Any legal contract must have proper offer and acceptance where one party makes the offer and the other agrees to it. Offer is demarcated as an instance when one individual indicates the willingness to make a business deal. Offer is made by a party by considering the acceptance of other party. The true purpose of offer should be to make legal association2. An offer is an appearance of readiness to contract on specific terms. Offer must be made with the aim that will become obligatory on acceptance. Offer allows the party to approve it and delivers the base of agreement. Offer can exist when objective is involved in purchaser’s words or conduct i.e. intention to commit certain act lawfully to the terms the purchaser recommends3. Communication: Effective communication is a vital aspect for a business contract. The offeree should know regardi ng the offer. The communication should be developed or sanctioned by the offeror. The purchaser cannot approve to something which he/she has no knowledge. Accordingly, the seller should communicate the offer in an intended way4. Consideration: Consideration is essential for proving the validity of contract. Only an ordinary statement of agreement cannot develop a contract. Consideration is regarded as a promise to provide something and gain something in exchange of it5. Assurance: The conditions of contract which are involved in the offer should be clear enough so that they can provide sensible basis for defining the reality of breach in relation to the contract and thus help to enforce action. In terms of product sale, Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) provides criteria in several occasions such as price, time, location of delivery, or payment rules4. Step 3: Application of Law to the Fact In the context of the case study, the above aspects of a legal contract were missing. For instanc e, proper offer and acceptance was not made by the parties. Peter and Burt both had stated to Sally that they intend to purchase the bike. However, it differs from an offer because they did not reach an agreement with Sally that they will purchase the bike. The second essential element of contract i.e. proper communication was absent between Sally and the parties. Although Peter has offered a deal to Sally regarding purchasing of the bike, without his awareness the offer of Peter has been accepted by Sally which was her intentional communication for selling. Furthermore, communication should be made or certified by the offeror. With respect to mutual consideration, it can be observed that the contract had lack of consideration. Although Peter and Burt had specified that they expect to purchase the bike, they had not promised about purchasing. Ultimately, there was no assurance of parties about purchasing. Peter and Burt had not specified any time for purchase in the e-mail and Sally also did not approve any reasonable time for delivery of the bike to Peter. Without a reasonable time, offer cannot be measured as lawful. Step 4: Conclusion Judging from the above aspects, it can be observed that Sally has not made proper contract with any of them i.e. Peter and Burt. There was absence of communication, assurance and consideration. Besides, appropriate offer and

Proposal Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Research Proposal Example The research will study the impacts of mobile devices on cyber security in Banda town that is located in the United States. This town is expected to have numerous users because it is located in the US, which has a high population of about 312 million (Shabtai, Fledel, Kanonov, Elovici, Dolev, & Glezer, 2010). The study will concentrate on colleges and universities in the region, because these institutions have numerous students who use mobile devices both at school and at home. The school administrators also use mobile phones to communicate with teachers and other supporting staff. Gaoyue (2013), the senior colonel of Nautilius Institute for security and sustainability, argues that the common uses of the internet include purchasing items in online stores, downloading music, sharing information oN social media platforms such as Face book, Twitter, and LinkedIn, paying electricity and water bills, and accessing television networks. These uses indicate that consumers post their personal information such as name, income, location, and credit card number on the cyber space. This information is personal meaning that it should only be accessed by the owners and other authorized people. However, since mobile phones perform functions that are similar to those of computers, it means that the information of consumers faces the threat of lack of privacy due to cyber threats. The cyber threats include viruses, malicious software, hacking, exposure of secrets, and network fraud (Wright, Dawson, & Omar, 2012). These cyber threats have impacts on consumers and companies that use the mobile devices to share information and purchase goods. Therefore, it is essential to study the impacts of the threats that mobile device users face; this will help in advising companies and consumers on how they can protect themselves from the hazards. The results of the study will enable teachers and students to identify the

Three Favorite Words in English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Three Favorite Words in English - Essay Example It is vital that the people who fall in love, should respect each other especially because no matter how people love each other, there are always individual differences that should be bridged. Therefore, it is important for two people to respect each other’s beliefs, personalities and cultures so that conflicts will be minimized and the possibility of losing the passion will diminish. Trust is also very important in a relationship bound by love because it serves as a glue that holds two different people together who do different things. The modern world now demands both male and female to contribute to the economic status of the nation and is now a challenge to modern lovers because they have to be away from each other most of the hours of the day and probably even demand more time from others. This situation exposes lovers to temptations that may be difficult to fight however, when one partner is well aware of how much trust the other has for him, and that trust is respected and valued, love can remain pure between

Enron Analysis Essay Example for Free

Enron Analysis Essay Think about the demand for the three popular game consoles: Xbox, PS3 and Wii. Explain the effect of the following event on the demand for Xbox games, and the quantity of Xbox games demanded, other things remaining the same. a) The price falls b) The price of a PS3 and a Wii fall c) The number of people writing and producing Xbox games increases d) Consumers income increase e) Programmers who write codes for Xbox games become more costly to hire f) The price of an Xbox game is expected to fall g) A new game console is developed and marketed that is a close substitute to Xbox ) Increases b) Decrease c) Increase d) Increase e) Decrease f) Decrease g) Decrease 2. Read Oswald, A (2001) â€Å"Economics that matters: Using the Tax System to Solve the Shortage of Human Organs† Kyklos Vol 54 (2-3), 379-81, available from the subject eLearning website and discuss his proposal for reducing deaths due to the shortage of organs for transplant. In your discussion, use terms such as supply, demand, quantity supplied, quantity demanded, and draw demand/supply diagrams to clarify your discussion. The supply of organs from organ donor’s does not meet the demand of organ’s. There is a huge shortage of donors, which poses a massive problem. In a perfect world, the quantity demanded would meet the quantity supplied and the market for organs would be in equilibrium, as in the following graph: Oswald suggests that a tax bracket/incentive could bring supply and demand closer together. As in the UK, the quantity of organs demanded is 6000 and the quantity supplied is only 3000. A tax incentive will be an economic cost, yet the benefits are great and may cancel out the extra cost to taxpayers.

Multiple intelligences Essay Example for Free

Multiple intelligences Essay Multiple intelligences is a theory birthed by Dr. Gardner. It challenged the traditional IQ based education system. Gardner did not approve of the traditional benchmark of education by using IQ. He insisted that this system is narrow in its focus and ignores other intelligences that could be used. The other intelligences are as follows: †¢ Linguistic intelligence which deals with wording and speech †¢ Spatial intelligence which deals with interpretation of pictures and pictorial data e. g. graphs †¢ Musical intelligence †¢ Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence that deals with body understanding †¢ Logical-mathematical intelligence that deals with the reasoning and processing of number information †¢ Interpersonal intelligence dealing with how a person relates to others †¢ Intrapersonal intelligence deals with how a person deals with himself †¢ Naturalist intelligence deals with nature knowledge (Armstrong, 2000) These intelligences are used to gauge a persons inclination and offer alternatives for information ingestion by the brain. As opposed to the traditional IQ method, this presents an opportunity to for the educationist to explore new methods of teaching and exploring the talents of their students. By using the talents of their students, the teachers are able to explore the best methods of teaching for the student (Armstrong, 2000 pg. 110). The implications for teaching are enormous. The teacher is as a result made to use a variety of tools to teach. This makes it easier and more engaging for both the teacher (in creatively looking for solutions) and the pupils (making learning more conceptual and fun). The process also enables the students to discover their talents and inclinations early in life and therefore have a sense of direction in life. If the student is gifted in interpersonal intelligence, the student can start to chart their career path toward this talent and explore fields relevant to this talent (Armstrong, 2000 pg. 109). Another implication is that there is increased academic performance and decreased referrals to special education classes. This happens as the multiple intelligences model of learning in the classroom approaches teaching from the perspective of the student. It focuses on the needs of the student thus is sensitive to the needs of special students, that is, students who were not adequately catered for in the traditional system. This catering is done by identifying the strengths of the students rather than looking at their weakness. The intervention strategies employed by the teacher strengthen the students talents thus giving them better grip on their content. As a result of using strengths to equip these students, the students get a better understanding of the content and therefore do better in class. This leads to better self esteem and image by the students, since they can identify their different talents and successfully use them. The use of these varied talents and identification of their various needs also helps the students learn to appreciate their differences and thus cultivates their tolerance and understanding (Armstrong, 2000 pg. 108-111). In summary, the system allows the student to have personalized attention in terms of diagnosis and learning. Here, the student, not the course content, is king. This allows the student to learn in a way that is best suited for them personally by utilizing their strengths. The strengths and talents discovered help in the process of self-realization and self-esteem building of the student, thus having good emotional spill over effects. Therefore, this process is more advantageous and yields greater results. Part four: journal critique Lujan and DiCarlo (2006) in their discussion on the phenomenon of teaching but no learning cite the use of multiple intelligences as a useful tool in assisting the learning process. They cite that traditional learning methods do not effectively contribute to the learning process. Instead the process frustrates students due to large amounts of information needed in the course and frustration due to the inability to transfer these facts to their memory. The solution according to them is to make the learning process more active and participative. This will require that the teacher becomes more innovative in his methods of teaching. The use of games, music and other interactive methods are cited as helpful in the teaching process. The teachers role should shift from being a passive information transferor to an assistant and tool giver. He or she should offer support to the students to learn and explore by empowering them to be able to creatively solve problems and learn out of their own volition. As very well cited, it is the active learning and information processing rather than the information that is passively received that leads to learning (Lujan and DiCarlo, 2006). The other journal article becoming a truly helpful teacher, Jason (2007) examines how to make the teacher a more supportive person in the classroom environment. The argument of the author is that no matter how high your expertise or good your intentions, the teaching style one uses determines the learning effectiveness. The article is based on the teaching of health courses. These courses tend to be more challenging and exerting than others. He surprisingly suggests that the instructor should seek ways to make the course more challenging as opposed to making it easier. The challenge process, however, is not in a bid to make the course harder. The challenge is in a bid to make the course more attractive and involving for the students. The role of the teacher in such situations is less traditional and needs the full commitment of the teacher. His role becomes facilitating the student to own the course as opposed to viewing the course from the instructors perspective. The truth is that this process is exerting on the teacher and therefore needs commitment and patience on his or her part. The task should be taken in a long-run perspective as opposed to making the short term goal of exam passing. This way, you equip your students for life and obtain a deeper sense of satisfaction (Jason, 2007). Both articles examine the role of the teacher in the learning. They both agree overwhelmingly that the teachers role is increased in the use of active learning as opposed to passive. The teacher must facilitate the process of learning rather than force it using lectures. They both allude to the non-conscious learning principle of using the attitude of both the teacher and the student to influence the learning process. The teacher is a supporter, not forcer, of the information gathering process and is supposed to offer the right tools to the students to achieve this. The use of outside sources is stressed in detail by Lujan and DiCarlo as a resource tool at the teachers disposal. By making the students venture into other information resources, while using the teacher for support, the owning process described by Jason is facilitated. However, Jason also cites the challenging of the students by making the course a bit more difficult while still keeping it fun as a viable method of helping the student gain interest and gain more from the course. References Kaye E. , (1976), Attention and Memory. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Medphys (n. d). Basic Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Brain, Sourced on 21 April 2009 http://74. 125. 47. 132/search? q=cache:29YkK2OXvngJ:www. medphys. ucl. ac. uk/research/borg/homepages/florian/thesis/pdf_files/p25_34. pdf+physiology+of+braincd=2hl=enct=clnkgl=keclient=firefox-a Mark B. , (n. d) Brain Physiology Part One: The Major Structures of the Brain. Sourced on 21 April 2009 http://www. enspirepress. com/writings_on_consciousness/brain_physiology/brain_physiology. html

Implementation Of New Product Service Or Process Purpose Marketing Essay

Implementation Of New Product Service Or Process Purpose Marketing Essay KELLOGG is the worlds leading producer of cereal products with total sales volume of nearly $13 billion during 2008. Kellogg products are manufactured in 19 countries and marketed in more than 180 countries around the world. Major Kelloggs products include crackers, Toaster pastries, cereal bars, fruit-flavored snacks, frozen waffles and vegetarian foods (http://www.kelloggs.co.uk/ Accessed on March 03, 2011). The company famous brands include all- bran, corn flakes, keebler, pop-tarts, eggo, cheez-it, nutri-grain, rice krispies, bearnaked, morningstar farms, famous amos, special K, and frosted mini-wheats. Mission statement: Kellogg is a global company committed to building long-term growth in volume and profit and to enhancing its worldwide leadership position by providing nutritious food products of superior value http://www.kelloggs.co.uk/ Accessed on March 03, 2011) In a rapidly changing and competitive business environment, it is not easy to predict: future trends in consumer tastes and preferences competitors actions market conditions. Creating new products or making changes to existing brands involves making investment decisions, in the hope of making a return. Weighing up future returns against an investment is crucial and involves an element of risk, because the future is never certain. Previous experience, together with market research information helps to predict future events and outcomes. However, all business activities involve some element of risk. There is often a link between risk and return. More the risk, the higher the likely returns (or profits); however, a balance needs to be struck. In making a decision to develop a new brand, it needs to decide how much investment to make and to forecast the likelihood of a successful outcome. Decision makers aim to develop a long-term strategy to meet a range of objectives such as: growing market share developing a unique market position creating consumer or brand loyalty generating a targeted level of profit. This case study describes a major investment in Kelloggs All-Bran. It illustrates business case for the new product and identifies how the companys investment in new product development serves to strengthen a global brand. Later part of the essay will reflect an outline plan which identifies resources required for the project that is materials, equipment, labour, and training and development of staff 2. LAUNCHING OF KELLOGGs ALL-BRAN 2.1) NEED IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS: In an uncertain world where the organisations strategy is to focus on products and brands that are either the market leader or in a strong position the company believes that this focus upon core and successful products enables it to provide consistent and reliable returns and rewards for its stakeholders. Before proceeding with the change, Kellogg carried out some detailed market research with consumers to discover their thoughts and feelings. There are two main approaches to market research i.e.: qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative research involves working in detail with a relatively small number of consumers e.g. observing and listening to them talking in small groups in which they discuss the brand, products, packaging, advertising ideas, etc. The qualitative research helped Kellogg to develop the concept of a family of fibre brands. The advertising and promotional materials with which the consumer groups worked were very similar to the end promotions that Kellogg wished to communicate. Quantitative research involved using questionnaire and survey approaches with a much larger sample of targeted consumers to estimate the impact on sales if these changes were put into market. Kelloggs undertook market research by answering the questions as per questionaire-1 in Appendix. In September 2004, Kellogg planned to introduce a new product i.e. All-Bran to make the benefits more relevant to consumers. Promotion of feel great message was featured on 8 million packs and on the All-Bran website. It focused on the fact that high-fibre diets may help people to feel lighter and more energetic as well as aiding the digestive system. Bran which is high in fiber is needed in a humans diet. It is best to be used in moderation to gain the positive health it promotes. The high bran, high fibre cereal has been designed to aid a healthy digestive system and to help people control their morning eating habits; without compromising on taste! Research showed that consumers see cereals as a natural product. This is a strong selling point. It makes it vital to feature the ingredients on the packaging. This is because All-Bran range can be seen as part of a daily healthy diet (http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/case-studybuilding-brand-order-to-sustain-its-life-cycle Accessed on March 03, 2011). 2.2) OBJECTIVES: By setting up SMART (specific, measurable, achievable or agreed, realistic and time-related) objectives Kellogg would know whether each objective for launching All-Bran had been achieved. The objectives were clear and were communicated to all staff. This made sure that all staff agreed to follow certain actions to achieve the stated aims. By setting these objectives Kellogg set a direction that would take the business to where it wanted to be three years into the future. Major objectives include; encourage and support physical activity among all sections of the population use resources to sponsor activities and run physical activity focused community programmes for its consumers and the public in general increase the association between Kellogg and physical activity use the cereal packs to communicate the balance message to consumers introduce food labeling that would enable consumers to make decisions about the right balance of food 2.3) TARGET MARKET: It is the process of evaluating each market segment and select one or more segments to enter. Premiums and gifts are outstanding tools for call to mind initial trial, brand switching, and repeat purchase. Now and then company is able to target because they are financially strong and they can arrange a vast product line. People aged 55 and over are the target markets of Kelloggs ALL BRAN .Kelloggs ALL BRAN are easily available in urban and rural areas all over the country. It has been targeted every segment and we can say that Kellogg has a fragmented market. Market attractiveness factors for All-bran include market, size, differentiation possibilities, bargaining power of customers, seasonality, distribution, product growth and stage in product life cycle Main factors influencing marketing of a product are; a) Economic and technological factors i.e. Investment intensity, Industry capacity, Technology, Barriers to entry and exit and Access to supplies b) Competitive i.e. competitive structure, competitive groupings, substitute products, price, and Individual competitor analysis 3. PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE The product life cycle is the period over which it appeals to customers and can be illustrated in a series of stages showing how consumer interest, and hence sales, has altered over time. Kelloggs All-Bran has a long and distinguished history. Like many other famous products, however, it is important from time to time to re-energize its life cycle. To prolong the life cycle of a brand or product an organisation needs to use skilful marketing techniques to inject new life into the product. The traditional product life-cycle shows how a product goes through 4 stages during its life in the market place. At each stage in the product life-cycle, there is a close relationship between sales and profit so when a product goes into decline, profit decreases. When a product is introduced to the market, growth is slow due to limited awareness. As the product is establishing itself, sales will start to increase during the period of growth. As the product reaches maturity, the company needs to inject new life into the product; either by creating brand extensions or variants otherwise the product will reach maturity and start to decline. All-Bran is standing on the maturity stage with 65% of total market share. To stay spirited in the market it needs to introduce time to time new offers and flavors and different promotional schemes. Manufacturing capability is another key issue. If launches of new products are successful in global markets, Kelloggs must have the manufacturing capaci ty to meet consumer demand as well as the supply chain necessary to reach those consumers. When a company like Kelloggs is investigating a change in its marketing it can consider four elements (http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/case-studyusing-new-product-development-to-grow-a-brand Accessed on May 03, 2011) of marketing mix or 4Ps: 3.1) PRODUCT: This is about meeting changing needs and wants of customers through offers. The growth in healthier lifestyles creates opportunities for Kelloggs to increase the number of products for this segment. In case of ALL BRAN, the product is the cereal production by the company. Core Product is cereal, for breakfast and as a snack. Actual product is high quality level; different tastes, flavors, packaging and the symbol K. Augmented product provides tastes and energy as well as nutritional ingredients. 3.2) PRICE: Pricing decision is very important because the survival of a company in the market depends upon pricing decision. Pricing strategy depends on pricing objectives. The amount a company charges for its product is important in determining sales. Super brands like Kelloggs can charge a premium because of the strength of the brand and product quality. 3.3) PLACE: Where customers can purchase the product is also an important factor in determining sales. If a brand like All-Bran is not stocked in supermarkets where most purchases are made, sales will be lost. 3.4) PROMOTION: The marketing mix activities of a product planning, pricing, and distribution are performed mainly within the organization or between the organization and its marketing partners. However, with promotional activities, the firm communicates directly with potential customers. Kelloggs uses above the line promotion like TV advertising as well as below the line promotion like on-pack promotions and sampling. The market research revealed several matters that Kellogg needed to address when alerting the public to changes in the brand family. 1. Some consumers might find the act of placing a range of separate products under the All-Bran brand confusing. The solution was to ensure that packs clearly display both the power brand name (All-Bran) and also the product name (e.g. Bran Flakes). 2. Research showed that consumers see cereals as a natural product. This is a strong selling point. It makes it vital to feature the ingredients on the packaging. 3. To give the campaign maximum impact, Kellogg carefully co-ordinated television and radio advertising, PR and in-store promotions. These encouraged consumers to try out and reappraise the revamped products. A products life cycle may last only a few months (e.g. with a fad, or craze) or, as with Special K, for many years. Although it was a successful product, Kelloggs recognised the opportunity to stretch the brand by investments that would: revitalize it extend and further develop its growth phase and Help to delay the onset of the maturity phase. 4. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MARKET 4.1) MARKETING ENVIRONMENT: This can be divided into two broad categories; a) Micro Environment: The Micro Environment of the Kellog consists off; The Company: has to take other groups or departments of company into account. Such as finance, research and development, purchasing, operation, accounting department. Suppliers: Kelloggs obtains its raw materials of wheat, corn, cocoa, rice and sugar from primary suppliers around the world. It is a large-scale manufacturer and stores sufficient stocks to meet customer orders. Marketing Intermediaries Kelloggs does not sell its breakfast cereals directly to consumers. It uses intermediaries like wholesalers, supermarkets, high street stores and hotels. Kelloggs has major relationships in the tertiary sector. These include the major retail supermarkets such as Tesco and ASDA and some of the wholesale sector such as Makro. Customers: The Kelloggs Company mainly focuses on customer market that consists of people aged 55 and over and weight conscious people. Competitors: Nestle is the only competitor of Kellogg. b. Macro Environment: The external factors which affect a companys planning and performance, and are beyond its control: for example, socio-economic, legal and technological change (http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_macro_environment_of_Kellogg) There are many environmental issues which should be looked at to get the broader picture of Kelloggs Company. These issues can be grouped into six categories: political, economical, social-demographic, technological, legal and ethical. The acronym for this is a Pestle analysis. Political /Legal Environment: UK has a stable political environment hence, private enterprise is encouraged, which gives Kellogg an opportunity to introduce new products and improve the existing ones. Economic Environment: Economic factors are those that affect consumer buying behavior. As this is an era of great depression, there is a change in the income of the consumer so the sales of Kellogg are affected by this. Natural Environment: The natural environment of Kelloggs involves all the natural resources that are needed as inputs by the company and are affected by market activities. Theyve set themselves a number of targets to meet by 2015, and are constantly checking their progress along the way so they can see how theyre doing. By 2015 they aim to have reduced all of the following by 15-20% per metric tonne of food produced since 2005. Energy use Greenhouse gas emissions Water use Waste sent to landfill (For waste to landfill, they achieved a 41.5% reduction by 2009 and have set themselves a new target of a further 20% reduction by 2015 against a 2009 baseline.) Socio-cultural Environment: UK has a tradition of eating cereal as a breakfast so Kellogg has got high market. Technological Environment:: UK has good infrastructure and distribution channel which again is highly favorable for Kellogg to grow further. Responding to the Marketing Environment: Kelloggs has utilized integrated business units and compensation incentive systems to increase the accountability of the cash expenditure and improve the functionality of the organization. Products sales have been increasing in the UK as well as in other countries. The pricing and availability of the product determines the profitability of a product. Streamlining many of the operations in recent times has helped the Kellogg increase the profit margin. More resources could therefore be spent on the marketing and advertisement of products. In addition, Kelloggs also increased the number and frequency of promotional offers more toys and DVDs in cereal boxes, tie-ins with movies and charitable donations to local schools and charities. In 2002, a new strategy of Volume to Value was introduced throughout the company. 4.2) MARKET SEGMENTATION PROCESS The process of defining and subdividing a large homogenous market into clearly identifiable segments having similar needs, wants, or demand characteristics. Its objective is to design a marketing mix that precisely matches the expectations of customers in the targeted segment. Today Kelloggs is doing its business in United states, China, India, Indonesia, Jordan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Maldives, United Kingdom, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, United Arab Emirates and Vietnam. In this project we are only discussing its market segmentation in United Kingdom. They are segmenting the market in the form of geographic, demographic, psychographic, and behavioral. All-Bran Original is available in Australia, Somalia, USA, Canada, Colombia, UK, Italy, Mexico, France, Japan, Latin America, and South Africa 4.3) MARKET TARGETTING PROCESS After dividing the market into various segments, the Kellogg Company has to decide which segment it can serve better. So first they evaluated each segments. They want the sets of buyers who share common needs and characteristics to serve. Kellogg mainly used undifferentiated (mass) marketing strategy because cereal will always be mass marketed. They have to do business on large scale so Kellogg Company is using mass marketing. 4.4) PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS New product development process of product starts with idea generation. Commercialization Product Development Marketing Strategy Development Idea Generation Test Marketing Business Analysis Concept Development Testing Idea Screening 5. USE OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL RESOURCES Use of internal and external resources is crucial in the launch of a new product. 5.1) INTERNAL RESOURCES: Idea of Kelloggs came from; Product development teams Formal research and development (asked consumers through questionnaires ) Brains of its executives, scientists, engineers, manufacturing staff and salespeople Companies successful entrepreneurial programs (encourages employee to think about new cereal product ) Value innovation program 5.2) EXTERNAL RESOURCES: Customers (through questionnaires) Competitors (Kelloggs get clue about their new product by watching competitors ads, analyze the sales, and then decide). Distributors Suppliers (tell company about new concepts, techniques and materials that can be used to develop new products). 6. SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTHS: a) Kellogg All Bran is the only large, very high fibre brand in the market place. Private label provides the main competition. b) The general public remains highly aware of ALL BRAN c) The ALL BRAN brand is strong; consumers associate it with healthy activity. WEAKNESS: a) Awareness of the brand had been declining because of little promotional (e.g. advertising) activity in recent years. b) Compared with leading brands such as Kellogg corn flakes, the individual fibre products have limited scale, making it hard to make advertising investment economic. c) The preposition that a fibre cereal keeps you regular is less motivating to consumers than in the past. Consumers now more interested in products inner health OPPORTUNITIES a) People are looking to eat more healthily b) The rapid growth of non cereal products that meet inner health need (pro biotic drinks and yogurts) c) In the UK the number of people over 55(the products main consumers) continues to increase. THREATS: a) The sales of private labels fibre cereal is growing. b) There is a consumers trend towards the tastier cereal 7. CONCLUSION By creating the power brand All-Bran and providing the right sort of well researched promotional support, Kellogg has been able to inject renewed vigor into a family of related products. Through appropriate promotional activities and more relevant messages, Kellogg has re-awakened consumers interest in products that can play an important part in developing a healthy diet in a health-conscious world. Regular campaigns of promotional activity are helpful in enabling all organizations to sustain their own life cycle and those of their brands and products. It is early days in evaluating the success of the marketing activity supporting All-Bran but the signs are good. Appendix: Primary Research: Survey questionnaire-1 What changes taking place in society are likely to affect the product? How might new technologies affect our business? What are likely to be the future market trends? Where are the opportunities within the market place? What new categories would appeal to the target market? How far do consumers think the brand could stretch into the market for different product categories? Survey questionnaire-2 1. What is age bracket do you belong to? 13-16 yrs 17-30 yrs 31-39 yrs 39 yrs or above 2. Which income bracket do you belong to? GBP 50-200 GBP 200-500 GBP 500-1000 GBP 1000 above 3. What is your marital status? Single Married 4. What is the brand of the cereal that you usually purchase? Nestle Kellogg 5. Is ALL BRAN your favorite cereal? Yes No 6. How often do you purchase cereal? Everyday Once a week Once a month 7. Please rank accordingly to the characteristics of ALL BRANS: a) Taste b)Price c) Flavor d) Packaging 1=least preferred 5=most preferred 1 2 3 4 5 8. Do you like the ads of ALL BRAN? Yes No 9. What flavors of Kellogg do you like the most? Corn flakes All bran Rice kripsies Special K

The Confused Males of Montesquieu’s Persian Letters, Voltaire’s Candide

The Confused Males of Montesquieu’s Persian Letters, Voltaire’s Candide, Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels, Sterne’s Tristram Shandy, and Rousseau’s First and Second Discourses â€Å"Now my father was then holding one of his second beds of justice, and was musing within himself about the hardships of matrimony, as my mother broke silence.— —My brother Toby, quoth she, is going to be married to Mrs. Wadman.† —Then he will never, quoth my father, be able to lie diagonally in his bed again as long as he lives.† (Laurence Sterne, Tristram Shandy) The eighteenth century, what a magnificent time—a contemporary critic is likely to exclaim, and indeed it was. The century of Diderot, Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Kant, Swift, Sterne, and others, whose names still make pound the sensitive hearts of many students of history, philosophy, and literature. The Age of Enlightenment, when every aspect of man’s life—morals and vices; natural and conventional laws; issues of government and religion, of marriage and child rearing, of politics and economy, of the sciences and the arts—was scrutinized under the critical eye of thinkers and often discarded without pity. A time of blossoming critical and literary thought, a time of great intellectual challenges, trials, and successes—in a word, a splendid, magnificent, glorious time. And what books were written, what literary marvels were produced! Montesquieu’s Persian Letters, Voltaire’s Candide, Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels, Sterne’s Tristram Shandy, Rousseau’s First and Second Discourses . . . Innovative and daring, they questioned a traditional, God-blessed and Church-sponsored view of man’s life, providing armies of scholars with an enormous literary and philosophical heri... ...al pursuits with more earthly matters. To the modern reader, unfortunately, they may appear too â€Å"enlightened.† Notes 1If my reader wonders why I am taking so great an interest in this matter, I would like to point out that his or her (especially her) speculations are totally erroneous and irrelevant to the subject. 2Note that Uzbek is a Persian, and Candide is a German. Apparently when French writers create a hero with â€Å"limited† sexual prowess, they don’t assign him a French origin, probably preserving the myth of French sexual vigor. Works Cited Montesquieu, de [Baron de La Brà ©de, Charles de Secondat]. Persian Letters. New York: Penguin, 1973. Sterne, Laurence. Tristram Shandy. New York: Norton, 1980. Swift, Jonathan. Gulliver’s Travels. New York: Da Capo Press, 1988. Voltaire [Francois Marie Arouet]. Candide. New York: Bantam, 1959.

america :: essays research papers

Americans/America America is it truly known to be the land of freedom, opportunity and different culture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Robert Hayden in his book of collected poems speaks about America and its different culture and problem. He explains by using different views and perspective to demonstrate what he think of America and Americans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Robert Hayden â€Å"American Journal Hayden had a Alien go and observe America. The Alien explains that America is a country of multi-cultural difference and that Americans are very energetic. As he continue to examine he explain that America is a land of violence and ghetto and that it is like that because Americans allow it to be that way. Hayden uses images to discuss most of what the alien see. He is saying America is full of different culture, it’s the land of freedom and although it’s like that some people take advantage of it. Although America has its problem Hayden explain that the alien is attached and he like it. The alien cannot name or tell what it is about America that has him attach but he just like it in America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Words in the mourning time† Hayden begins to explain America as self-destructive, and self-betrayed. He feels Americans fear death everyday and to be a human Americans have to achieve it. Hayden then goes on to explain the hunger problem Americans face. There are many homeless and hungry Americans. In the poem he uses the images of someone sitting at a table and a hungry man come and take their food. He then goes on to explain that America is all about killing no matter who get hurt as long as it’s not the American people. Hayden uses the Vietnam War as an example when the village and the innocent school student were brutally killed. Hayden then explain America to be violent within there society the Americans kill each other. He explains that America is full of ghetto and slums. He explain that although young boys from decent Americans homes are going around killing each other (98) American man should not be frightened to the evil’s that America face, they should go on struggling to be recognized as human. Ignore the racism and the threat, just remember that man are man and should be permitted to be a man. (98)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Rag man† Hayden uses an image of a man who is homeless and is walking the cold winter streets in just rags.

The Reader :: Literature Literary Text Papers

The Reader In the academic study of literature very little attention has been paid to the ordinary reader, the subjective individual who reads a particular text. David S. Miall and Don Kuiken, in their paper The form of reading: Empirical studies of literariness state, Almost no professional attention is being paid to the ordinary reader, who continues to read for the pleasure of understanding the world of the text rather than for the development of a deconstructive or historicist perspective. The concerns that an ordinary reader seems likely to have about a literary text, such as its style, its narrative structure, or the reader's relation to the author, the impact on the reader's understanding or feelings - such concerns now seem of little interest. In this paper I should like to study a few kinds of reader and the subjectivity of their responses to the objectivity found within literary texts, quoting some views found within reader-response criticism. Before I begin, I should like to consider what is meant by the term 'literary text', and what is meant by the objectivity of it. According to Terry Eagleton, [1] the definition of 'literary', as advanced by the Russian formalists, (who included in their ranks are Viktor Shklovsky, Roman Jakobson, Osip Brik, Yury Tynyanov, Boris Eichenbaum and Boris Tomashevsky), is the peculiar use of language. Literature is said to transform and intensify ordinary language, deviating from the everyday colloquial tongue. The literariness of the language spoken could be determined by the texture, rhythm and resonance of the words used. There is a kind of disproportion between the signifier and the signified, by virtue of the abstract excesses of the language, a language that flaunts itself and evokes rich imagery. Eagleton argues that what distinguishes the literary language from other forms of discourse is the way it 'deforms' ordinary languages in various ways. Under the pressure of literary devices, ordinary language is intensified, condensed, twisted, telescoped, drawn out and turned on its head. [1] According to Wolfgang Iser, [2] a literary work has two poles; the aesthetic and the artistic. The artistic pole is the author's text, and the aesthetic is the realisation accomplished by the reader. Hence the literary work cannot be considered as the actualisation of, or identical to, the text, but is situated somewhere between the two. Iser speaks of the text as a virtual character that cannot be reduced to the reality of text or to the subjectivity of the reader, and it derives its dynamism from that virtuality.

Multigrade Classes

Multi-grade teaching refers to the teaching of students of different ages, grades and abilities in the same group. It is referred to variously in the literature as ‘multilevel', ‘multiple class', ‘composite class', ‘vertical group ‘,’ family classes, and, in the case of one-teacher schools, ‘unitary schools'. It is to be distinguished from mono-grade teaching in which students within the same grade are assumed to be more similar in terms of age and ability. However, substantial variation in ability within a grade often leads to â€Å"mixed-ability† teaching. There can also be wide variations in age within the same grade, especially in developing countries, where the age of entry to school varies and where grade repetition is common. This condition of â€Å"multi-age-within-grade† teaching appears not to have generated such universal recognition, perhaps because it occurs more often in developing than in developed countries. The summary of experiences from Australia, Bangladesh, Peoples Republic of China, India, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines and Thailand confirmed that: †¢ primary curriculum documents and their associated lists of â€Å"minimum learning competencies† have not been specifically designed for use by teachers in multi-grade schools †¢ school plans, instructional materials and methodological guidelines are often difficult to apply to multi-grade teaching situations †¢ there is a shortage of support materials for teachers and individualised instructional materials for learners †¢ there is a need for more work on the kinds of continuous evaluation, diagnostic testing, remediation and feedback which would best assist multi-grade teaching and added that †¢ although many teachers work in multi-grade teaching situations few countries have developed special teacher training curricula for pre- or in-service training. Teaching practice during preservice is invariably carried out in mono-grade schools †¢ teachers posted to teach in multi-grade schools â€Å"develop a sort of psychological alienation from the school† †¢ the educational system as a whole pays inadequate attention to the proper functioning of multi-grade schools through, for example, not filling vacant teaching positions in rural areas, the absence of systems of teacher accountability, a lack of basic physical facilities in these schools, lack of training for supervisors of multi-grade schools and a general â€Å"inattentiveness of education officers to the needs of these schools† Factors Contributing to the establishment of Multigrade Teaching * * Cultural factors * Socio-economic factors. * Benefits of multigrade teaching * Richer learning environment * Greater community involvement. Development of health competition * Greater understanding between learners and educators Advantages and Challenges of Teaching Multi-level Classes When faced with the challenge of a multi-level classroom many teachers do not know where to start. They fear that the preparation will take much longer, and that the students will be more demanding. Schools that have multi-level classes often have limited budgets, and teachers may fear that they will not be paid for what they are worth. However, it is only by looking at the advantages of the multi-level classroom and employing strategies to overcome the challenges, that teachers can achieve success. Advantages of Multi-level classrooms * Students are able to learn at their own pace * Students learn to work well in a group * Students become independent learners * Students develop strong relationships with their peers * Students become partners in learning Challenges of Multi-level classrooms * Finding appropriate teaching resources and material * Organizing appropriate groupings within the class * Building an effective self-access centre in the classroom * Determining the individual needs of each student * Ensuring that all students are challenged and interested Teaching Method Strategies Experiment with different types of groupings to find the ones that work best. You may find that cross-ability pairs work best for certain types of activities, while like-ability small groups work better for others. If possible, use a wide variety of groupings to keep things interesting for your class. Use a simple schedule that is similar each day. Here is an example: 1. Start with a warm-up that involves the whole group. 2. Break part of the class off into one type of grouping (i. e. pairs) and work with part of the class on a lesson, grammar point, or activity. 3. Break off the class into another type of grouping (i. e. small groups) and have the other students use self-access materials. 4. Bring the class back together for a whole group activity/game. Isolate students within the class who are interested in peer tutoring. This doesn't have to be the student with the highest level of the subject. Your students who fall somewhere in the middle may in fact be the most valuable to you, as they strive to attain a level of competency comparable to the most advanced students. Remind your students that the best way to practice and improve a new language is to teach it to someone else. Consider enlisting a volunteer. Limited budgets or low enrolment are often the reasons behind multi-level classes. For this reason, it may be difficult to convince administrators or managers that you need a paid assistant. If you feel overwhelmed, consider hiring a volunteer. Finding someone who is interested in helping you with your preparation work and teaching may not be as difficult as you think. ARTICLES ABOUT MULTI-GRADE TEACHING/CLASSES Multigrade classes bring more children to school Friday 30th of March 2012 PASIG CITY, March 30 —Will a teacher not hold class if there are just a few enrollees? Should a student drop out if the school is far from home or there is not enough teachers and classroom? If you ask the Department of Education, the answer is no because it continues to find ways to bring children to school in order to complete their basic education. One of these is the holding of multigrade classes. A multigrade class is a class consisting of two or more different grade levels inside a single grade classroom handled by one teacher for an entire school year. It is offered in elementary schools located in distant and sparsely-populated localities, a statement from DepEd said. Figures from DepEd show that there are close to a million enrollees in multigrade classes across the country. Education Secretary Armin Luistro said most of the students attending multigrade classes are learners who belong to isolated and poor communities, indigenous peoples or those who reside in far-flung mountains and islands where schools are far apart from each other. â€Å"This is part of our thrust to democratize access to education and make the learning experience inclusive to as many sectors. In effect, we are bringing more students to school,† he added. If a class does not meet the required number of enrollees and therefore it is not viable to conduct a class of limited number of pupils, the supposed enrollees are merged into a single class and taught by one teacher,† Luistro explained. The small number of students for each grade level; the shortage of teachers; the distance from the community to the nearest school; and the inadequacy of funds and classrooms are reasons that necessitate the organization of multigrade classes. In the Philippine public school system, classes with two grade levels inside a single classroom and handled by the same teacher is called combination classes. Those with three grade levels in one classroom and handled by a single teacher is called a multigrade or multi-level class. This means that a multigrade classroom mixes children with different skills and abilities, different developmental levels and needs while working together under the guidance of one teacher. â€Å"The truth is long before multi-tasking became a buzzword, our teachers were actually already living up to the word,† Luistro said. While DepEd has always recognized the existence of multi-grade classes it was only in 1990 that the department started to consider the formal organization and continuing operation of multigrade classrooms all over the country in keeping with the goal of Education For All (EFA). Thus, DepEd continues to invest in teachers’ training, curriculum development and in the preparation of learning materials appropriate for multi-grade classes to improve elementary education especially in underserved and remote areas. (DepEd) More Than One Million Filipino Students Have Classmates At Different Grade Levels Academia March 30, 2012 The Philippine Department of Education says more than one million students are enrolled in multigrade classes, where three or more grade levels are taught by a single teacher. AsianScientist (Mar. 30, 2012) – Should a teacher cancel a class if there are only a few enrollees? And should a student drop out if the school is far from home or if there are insufficent teachers and classroom? The Philippine Department of Education (DepEd) says no. Instead, it has found one way to solve this problem, by holding multigrade classes. In the Philippine public school system, classes with two grade levels inside a single classroom taught by the same teacher are called combination classes. Classes with three grade levels conducted in one classroom taught by a single teacher are called a multigrade or multilevel classes. Figures from DepEd show that there are close to a million enrollees in multigrade classes across the country. Education Secretary Armin Luistro said most of the students attending multigrade classes belong to isolated and financially challenged communities, are indigenous peoples, and reside in far-flung mountains and islands where schools are far apart from each other. The small number of students for each grade level, the shortage of teachers, the distance from the community to the nearest school, and the nadequacy of funds and classrooms are reasons that necessitate the organization of multigrade classes, he explained. This means that children with different skills and abilities, developmental leve ls, and needs are mixed in a class under the guidance of one teacher. â€Å"This is part of our thrust to democratize access to education and make the learning experience inclusive to as many sectors. In effect, we are bringing more students to school,† Luistro explained. â€Å"If a class does not meet the required number of enrollees and therefore it is not viable to conduct a class of limited number of pupils, the supposed enrollees are merged into a single class and taught by one teacher,† he added. Although the DepEd has always recognized the existence of multigrade classes, it was only in 1990 that the department started to formally acknowledge multigrade classrooms, in keeping with the goal of Education For All. Source: Philippine Department of Education. Disclaimer: This article does not necessarily reflect the views of AsianScientist or its staff. A Review on Multigrade Education by admin on Jan. 09, 2012 Multigrade teaching occurs within a graded system of education when a single class contains two or more student grade levels. It is contrasted with the usual pattern of classroom organization in graded systems where a single classroom contains students of only one grade level. In many graded systems, age and grade are congruent, so a grade level is also equivalent to a particular age group of students. However, this may not be the case in systems where grade level satellite phones repetition and acceleration are common. There are three important reasons why multigrade teaching may occur in both developed and developing countries. First, multigrading is often associated with ’small’ schools in remote and sparsely populated areas. In such schools, there may be only one, two or three teachers, yet they offer a complete cycle of primary education. If that cycle consists of eight grade levels, then each of these teachers must deal with multigrade classes. These ’small’ schools are also sometimes referred to as ‘multigrade’ schools. Multigrade schools have attracted attention in the developing country context because of their potential to increase primary school participation rates. By bringing the school closer to the community, they encourage more children, especially girls, into school. Second, multigrade teaching is also common in larger urban and suburban schools. In some countries, it is a response to uneven student enrollment. For example, a school with a two and a half grade entry may have to combine two grade levels to make up class sizes. Also, in countries where teacher absenteeism is high, and there is no ‘cover’, grades may be combined to avoid having a class with no teacher present. A single teacher then has to deal with two grade level groups together. Third, multigrade teaching may be a deliberate response to educational problems. In developed countries, this is linked to the multiage perspective. Proponents of mixed age grouping argue that there are sound pedagogical reasons for placing students of different ages together in the same classroom. Mixed age classes, it is argued, stimulate children’s social development and encourage greater classroom cooperation. These arguments are seldom raised in the developing country literature, although several commentators take the view that multigrade organized classes are potentially a cost effective means of providing quality education in difficult to reach areas.

Alfred Adler’s “The Neurotic Constitution” Essay

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the most common negative attributes an individual possess is insecurity.   Common among adolescents, insecurity can be exhibited through either inferiority complex or superiority complex.   This paper would present Alfred Adler’s theory of personality which concentrated on the reason as to why an individual develops feelings of insecurity and why this remains part of the individual’s behavior despite them reaching adulthood or old age. Adler’s Individual Personality   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a result of debates with Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler (2007) developed his own theory of personality which he called as the â€Å"Individual Personality.†Ã‚   Adler believed that it is the motivations experienced by an individual that determines his or her role in society as well as being responsible for an individual’s uniqueness.   Under the Individual Personality theory, Adler presented two psychological conditions which he termed as â€Å"inferiority complex† and â€Å"superiority complex.†Ã‚   These conditions are commonly experienced by an individual during the early childhood years and would eventually lead to the individual to suffer neurosis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An individual suffering from either inferior or superiority complex requires an expedient to allow him or her to focus on the uncertainty of his or her existence.   By doing so, the individual is able to do a self-estimation of all evils and considers him or her to feel incompetent, inferior, degraded and insecure.   In order for the individual to find a guiding principle he or she uses either his or her parent who attributed his or her values to (Adler 2007). Based on the study of cause, behavior, manifestation and altered modes of activity, Adler (2007) discovered that there was a link between the individual developing an inferiority complex and the individual having underdeveloped organs resulting to the nervous system to compensate these.   As a result, the individual develops what Adler termed as somatic inferiority and eventually becomes a permanent compelling part of the individual’s psyche.   The only way this could be addressed is through the intervention of a psychologist. Another reason for the development of superior or inferiority complex among individuals is their desire to become what they consider to be great and strong.   This desire then influences their conduct, psychical and physical attitudes.   Oftentimes, individuals would experience temporary denials and discomforts, particularly during the early childhood years.   This leads them to seek the impulse to develop character traits that they would consider as common.    It is also during this period of time that individuals experience feelings of weaknesses, helplessness and feelings of anxiety.   At the same time, the development of these negative behaviors allows the individual to realize his or her strengths which results to the individual a sense of gratitude towards his strengths.   This, along with the development of obedience, allows the individual to develop an accentuation of his or her ego consciousness by assisting him or her to achieve the goal of his or her personality which is to strive for superiority (Adler 2007). Adler (2007) also stated that the parental neglect experienced by an individual as he or she grows up would result to the child developing feelings of aggression and contribution to the individual’s development of inferiority.   This is particularly evident among individuals who have been brought up in large families where the individual has a lot of siblings. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Insecurities are commonplace among each and every individual such that it would seem to be impossible to find an individual who does not possess any form of insecurity.   Adler’s theory provided valid explanations not only as to why individuals possess feelings of insecurity but also why certain individuals are more insecure than others.   Along with his theory, Adler presented factors that cause the emergence of insecurities among individuals.   The first is physical.   Many of people who are insecure are those who are inflicted with what society would consider as physical abnormalities.   They are viewed by society as different and as a result would make them to ridicule and bullying.   Another factor presented was the family.    On one hand, any children feel that they are pressured into following the footsteps of their parents which would let them feel that the only way to be accepted and considered as â€Å"doing the right thing† is if they would follow the footsteps of their parents.   On the other hand, because of the changes in lifestyles of most families, parents tend to have lesser time for their children.   The parental neglect causes the children to feel abandoned and as a result would develop insecurities which they would try to hide by creating an image that they are superior, hence the development of the superiority complex.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All in all, society has played a part in the formation of insecurities of an individual.   Most often than not, individuals are not even aware that they in fact possess feelings of insecurity which is why only through the intervention of a psychologist and an open mind would an individual discover these insecurities and work on these insecurities in order to develop a stronger personality which is the goal of an individual. Reference Adler, A. (2007). The neurotic constitution: the origin and development of the feeling of inferiority. In H. S. Friedman & M. W. Schustack (Eds.), The personality reader (pp. 42-43).   Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

Differences between abstract art and expressionism Essay

Expressionism is when an artist expresses an inclination towards the distortion of reality for emotional effect. While all art is expressionist to a certain extent, the distortion is of such a scale as to be further removed from the representation of objective reality than other styles. The objective of such a style is to emphasize the plasticity of form or to bring about a psychological disturbance as a response to perception of said art by means of rejecting verisimilitude. (Britannica, 2008) One of the best and most well-recognized examples of Expressionism is Edvard Munch’s The Scream, which depicts a lone figure frozen in a psyche-shattering pose of anxiety, said to be paralyzed by existential angst. Expressionism should not be confused with Abstract art, which foregoes representation in favor of the use color and form in non-representational ways. Well-recognized examples of abstract art are the works of Jackson Pollock, which include No. 5, 1948, which exemplifies his drip and drizzle technique. (Compton, 1978) Abstract and expressionist art are similar in so far as they opt out of objective representation, but the former rejects it completely. In effect, abstract art favors form over content, while expressionism remains favorable towards content. Please define the elements of art characteristic to the style of Impressionism. Please give one example. Impressionism is a style of art which does not attempt to conceal the elements of its composition. As such, it is characterized by visible brush strokes, attention to light emphasis, mundane subject matter, and detail to movement, as well as unusual angles. All these characteristics draw self-conscious attention towards the elements of human visual perception. (Denvir, 1990) Impressionism is best exemplified by the works of Claude Monet, and the movement of style derives its name from his painting Impression, soleil levant. Please define the term, iconography, and discuss its importance in art. Please refer to specific artworks. Iconography is a branch of art studies which focuses on the identification of image content and its interpretation, and extends itself to the general understanding of how certain subjects are used within the breadth of art. Iconography is most notable within religious art, which relies on imagery crucial to the circumscribed beliefs. For example, in Buddhist art , varied imagery is used in order to represent the nigh infinite aspects of Buddha. Why would an artist prefer to use oils rather than tempera paints? What effects would the artist be able to achieve by choosing oils? Artists may favor the use of oil-based paints over tempera for the simple reason that it is much more difficult to blend colors in tempera paints than it is to do so with oil. Thus, it is far easier to create a broad range of hues that facilitate a broader chromatic expression. Also, oil-based paints take a longer time to dry than tempera, which means that it is somewhat easier to undo mistakes by blending colors into the still wet paint, or remove it. Tempera paints on the other hand, are much more difficult to blend, and dry far faster. Unless one’s work is meticulously planned, oil-based paints are far more preferable. What is the difference between Classicism and Romanticism in the history of Western art? Please give an example of each. Classicism was a trend within post-medieval European art in which artists were expected to emulate the aesthetics of classical antiquity. This was reflected in the works of Michelangelo whose sculptures such as the Pieta and David, were evocative of the aesthetic ideals of human figure representation during the eras of classical antiquity. Leonardo Da Vinci, renowned for works such as The Last Supper and Mona Lisa, subscribes to a similar body aesthetic ideal. Please explore arts conflicting roles of revealing truth and concealing it. Reference specific artworks in your discussion. Critics and scholars of art are primarily preoccupied with its relationship to truth. For example, John Ruskin, a British aesthetic theorist argued that art’s role in culture was to communicate essential truths to be found in nature, by means of using artifice. (Ruskin, 1843) Ruskin was not the first, nor would he be the last, to place value upon art by means of its relationship to truth. Novelist Leo Tolstoy argued that art is an indirect form of communication, albeit by unconventional means. Benedetto Croce and R. G. Collingwood advanced the notion that art is a means of expressing emotional truths. (Levinson, 2003) In effect, art’s relationship to truth is such that it functions as a medium for it, while attempting to circumvent many of the awkward traits which come from direct expression, thereby using concealment of truth – artifice – as a means of revealing truth. Consider for example, the Venus of Willendorf, a limestone carving found by an archaeologist in lower Austria. A rotund ‘idealization’ of the female figure which exaggerates the dimensions of the vulva, belly and breasts, it appears to be so far removed from the aesthetic idealization of the female form. However McDermott (1996) argues that the Venus may have been a self-portrait, and the observation by others that the head is looking down, and when thought of as the self-image of a woman confronted with her own pregnant proportions, are actually realistically and accurately defined. Thus, the actual distortion of the female form is used to confront the internal truth which pregnant women face, and exemplifies the use of artifice in communicating said truth. REFERENCES Expressionism. (2008) In Encyclop? dia Britannica. Retrieved June 24, 2008, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online: http://www. britannica. com/eb/article-9033453 Compton, S. (1978) The World Backwards: Russian Futurist Books 1912-16. The British Library. Denvir, B. (1990). The Thames and Hudson Encyclopaedia of Impressionism. London: Thames and Hudson. Bialostocki, J. (2003) â€Å"Iconography† in Dictionary of the History of Ideas. University of Virginia Library, Gale Group. Retrieved June 23, 2008 from: http://etext. lib. virginia. edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi. cgi? id=dv2-57 Ruskin, J. (1843) Modern Painters, Volume 1. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Levinson, J. (2003) The Oxford Handbook of Aesthetics. Oxford University Press. McDermott, LeRoy. (1996, April) Self-Representation In Upper Paleolithic Female Figurines. Current Anthropology, Volume 37, No. 2, 227-275